The release and uptake of metals from potential biofilm inhibition products during spiny lobster (Sagmariasus verreauxi,H. Milne Edwards 1851) culture

Zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) are strong inhibitors of bacterial biofilms in aqueous solutions, but are known toxins of crustaceans. A new metal application method; cold‐sprayed metal embedment, known to modulate metal release, was tested for its applications in crustacean larval culture systems. Cold‐spray technology allows metal particles to bond to plastics, while modulating metal ion release and biocide activity to the substrate boundary. In this study, Eastern spiny lobster (Sagmariasus verreauxi) larvae (phyllosoma) were cultured in the presence of cold‐sprayed Zn and Cu metal surfaces. Metal loss was monitored gravimetrically on embedded surfaces, assessment of water ion concentrations and analysis of phyllosoma body content were undertaken. Phyllosoma moulting, deformity and mortality patterns were monitored. Cold‐sprayed Zn‐ and Cu‐embedded surfaces were depleted with losses of 0.69% and 31.2% noted respectively. Culture water concentrations of these metals were elevated and accumulation by phyllosoma occurred. Water Zn concentrations of 18.5 μg L^?1 were associated with chronic eyestalk moult deformities; the first report of Zn causing a non‐lethal moult deformity in crustacean larvae. The Cu surface lost a third of its metal mass with a water concentration of 40 μg L^?1 causing acute toxicity and localization of composite granules in the midgut gland. Cu associated mortality was noted by Day 2 of culture with a LD 50 experienced by Day 9. Future work on the use of bioactive metals in aquaculture systems will focus on a range of different metal alloys, and improved modulation of ion release mechanisms through increased particle embedment depth and separation.     

A single screw technique compared to a two screw and wire technique as a temporary transphyseal bridge for correction of fetlock varus deformities

A single screw technique is described as a temporary transphyseal bridge for the treatment of fetlock varus angular limb deformity in foals. This has been compared to tension band wiring with regards to rate of correction, cosmetic result and incidence of complications. The single screw was found to be an effective technique resulting in more rapid improvement of deviations in foals aged up to 5 months. Complications were minimal following both techniques and the final cosmetic result was better following single screw surgery.     

3-甲基-4-硝基酚对雄性小鼠生殖毒性的研究

目的探讨3-甲基-4-硝基酚(PNMC)对雄性小鼠的生殖毒性作用。方法 20只小鼠随机分成阴性对照组和PNMC组(分0.9、9和90mg/kg·bw组),经口灌胃染毒30天,观察睾丸和精子的形态变化。结果染毒组小鼠各剂量睾丸生精细胞发生坏死,曲细精管腔内出现细胞团,精子细胞分化异常,形成均质红染颗粒,睾丸曲细精管生精上皮/直径比值在90mg/kg组明显高于对照组;染毒组小鼠精子畸形率明显高于对照组(P<0.05),并且随着染毒浓度的增加,畸形率有增加的趋势。结论 3-甲基-4-硝基酚不仅可以引起生精细胞坏死和抑制精子形成,还可以诱导精子畸变,从而对生殖系统造成损伤。     

CORRECTION OF ANGULAR DEFORMITY BY ASYMMETRIC PHYSEAL GROWTH AND BONE REMODELLING

Angular deformities of 25 or 37 degrees valgus were created by transverse wedge osteotomies in the diaphysis of the radius in 3-month-old Cocker Spaniels. Spontaneous correction was judged from radiographs until skeletal maturity. The magnitude of correction was estimated, using the opposite normal leg as a control. Asymmetrical physeal growth corrected the induced angulation between the proximal and distal radial joint plane surfaces (joint plane angle). The average correction of the joint plane angle was 80% in the 25 degree group, and 72% in the 37 degree group. Bone remodeling of the radial shaft corrected the induced diaphyseal angulation by 50% in both groups during the study.     

北太平洋2种鱿鱼类角质颚生长特性及其种类判别

根据2018年9—11月中国鱿钓船在北太平洋海域（41°05''N~43°45''N,154°05''E~159°43''E）采集的柔鱼（Ommastrephes bartramii）和北方拟黵乌贼（Gonatopsis borealis）样本,对样本的胴长（mantle length,ML）、体质量（body mass,BM）以及角质颚的12个形态学参数进行了测定,研究角质颚的生长特性。结果显示,两个种类在胴长和体质量上均存在极显著差异。主成分分析认为,上脊突长（UCL）最适合用来表征柔鱼角质颚的生长,UCL和下侧壁长（LLWL）最适合用来表征北方拟黵乌贼角质颚的生长。赤池信息量准则（akaike’s information criterion,AIC）认为：柔鱼的上头盖长（UHL）、下头盖长（LHL）、LLWL、下翼长（LWL）与胴长呈幂函数关系,UCL、上侧壁长（ULWL）、上翼长（UWL）、下脊突长（LCL）与胴长呈对数函数关系;北方拟黵乌贼的UHL、下喙长（LRL）和LLWL与胴长呈幂函数关系,UCL和LCL与胴长呈指数函数关系,上喙长（URL）、ULWL和LHL与胴长呈对数函数关系。逐步判别分析显示,上、下角质颚的判别正确率分别为92.70%和84.50%,并建立判别方程。研究认为,角质颚外部形态可较好地应用于2种头足类的判别。     

Spinal deformity in triploid grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valenciennes)

From mid-2004 to mid-2005, several grass carp, Ctenophayngodon idella (Valenciennes), showing evidence of spinal deformity were presented to the Aquatic Animal Health Program, Cornell University. The carp were from three separate locations in New York State. The first case involved several fish from a natural body of water in the Catskill Mountain region of south-eastern New York State. The second was a single affected individual from a private pond in the Fingerlakes region of Central New York State. The third was a single individual from the Cold Springs Harbor Fish Hatchery, Cold Springs Harbor, Long Island. All fish were at least 7 years of age. Radiographs and computed tomography (CT) scans revealed the deformities to be of bony origin. The spinal deformities were characterized by variable amounts of kyphosis, scoliosis and rotation. While it is not possible to determine the specific cause(s) of the lesions, we consider a genetic component as a likely contributor to the observed pathology.     

The aetiology of spinal deformity in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.: influence of genetic factors on the frequency and severity in freshwater stages

A radiographic study was carried out on 2-year groups of pre-smolt parr to detect the comparative frequency of vertebral change in a range of defined pedigreed families of high growth rate of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., reared under identical conditions. The observed frequency of deformity was related to the observed deformity level in the seawater parental generation, and to a potentially uncontrolled environmental determinant, i.e. stripping date. High and low parental deformity groups of families were found to produce offspring that had very similar levels of radiographically detectable spinal deformities in the pre-smolt parr, suggesting no genetic link. With regard to stripping date, the overall incidence was nearly half that seen in the preceding year (8.7% cf 16.6%). However, a non-significant trend to fewer radiographic spinal deformities was seen in the later stripping period.     

6种大型海洋掠食性鱼类胃含物角质颚分类研究

为了研究大型海洋掠食性鱼类胃含物中角质颚的分类效果,于2017年10月,2018年3、5和11月,收集了南大西洋、中东太平洋和西印度洋海域的大型海洋掠食性鱼类的36个胃并分析其残留角质颚的形态。对采集的角质颚形态侧视图和顶视图进行种类鉴定,建立检索表,提取椭圆傅里叶描述子(EFDs)系数进行聚类分析。结果显示,通过对胃含物角质颚形态进行种类鉴定,共发现头足类2目10科17种。根据角质颚形态分类检索分析,17种头足类角质颚形态种间差异明显。枪形目(Teuthoidea)的13种头足类角质颚喙部形态分别为三角形和等腰三角形,侧壁为近似菱形,翼部发达;八腕目(Octopoda)的4种头足类角质颚有喙部发育,侧壁近似长四边形,有翼部发育。角质颚形态信息聚类分析在目级别区分效果显著。通过对胃含物角质颚形态进行分类研究,不仅可佐证胃含物头足类的识别,而且丰富了胃含物头足类的鉴定内容,也为大型海洋掠食性鱼类胃含物头足类分类鉴定体系奠定基础。     

Farriery for the foal: A review part 2: Therapeutic farriery

The extensive nature of this topic warrants this review paper to be divided into two parts: ‘Basic trimming in foals’ and ‘Therapeutic farriery in foals’. Management of the feet and limbs during this juvenile period will often dictate the success of the foal as a sales yearling or mature sound athlete. Overall hoof care in the foal is often a joint venture between the veterinarian and the farrier. The orthopaedic disorders discussed in this paper that require input from the two professions are flexural limb deformities (FLD) and angular limb deformities (ALD). The concept of protecting the foot from the deleterious effects of mal-loading created by many FLDs and ALDs is just as important as using the symptomatology as an instrument to correct the deformity. This paper presents a review of the current information regarding the farriery for these two limb deformities while dispelling some of the anecdotal methodology, such as the use of toe extensions to treat flexural deformities, that presently exists. Considering the deficiency of information in the literature, segments of this text will be based on the author's extensive clinical practice, comprehensive clinical records and comparisons of case outcomes.